Compatibility between Leptolegnia chapmanii and diflubenzuron and neem oil for the control of Aedes aegypti / Compatibilidad de Leptolegnia chapmanii con diflubenzurón y aceite de neem parael control de Aedes aegypti

Abstract Leptolegnia chapmanii is pathogenic to mosquito larvae. The compatibility betweenL. chapmanii and two insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and neem oil, was evaluated. L. chapmanii was grown on culture media containing different concentrations of eachIGR. The mycelial growth was significantly reduced with the highest concentrations of IGR(F6,98= 268, p < 0.05). However, the production of zoospores (F6,56= 0.93, p > 0.05) and the lar-val mortality of Aedes aegypti (F6,56= 0.95, p > 0.05) were not significantly different amongtreatments. Furthermore, the percentage of adult emergence in the presence of different con-centrations of diflubenzuron or a neem formulation was determined, and the pathogenic activityof zoospores was evaluated at the concentrations that inhibit the emergence at 30, 50 and 90%.The pathogenicity of zoospores was not significantly different among treatments (F6,14= 0.54,p > 0.05), and the larval mortalities were above 90% in all cases.

Resumen Leptolegnia chapmanii es un patógeno de larvas de mosquitos. Se evaluó la com-patibilidad entre L. chapmanii y dos reguladores del crecimiento de insectos (IGR, por sus siglasen inglés), diflubenzurón y aceite de neem. L. chapmanii creció en medios de cultivo con diferentes concentraciones de estos IGR. El crecimiento micelial fue menor con las concentraciones más altas (F6,98= 268; p < 0,05). No hubo diferencias significativas en la producción de zoosporas (F6,56= 0,93; p > 0,05) ni en la mortalidad de las larvas de Aedes aegypti (F6,56= 0,95; p > 0,05).Se determinó el porcentaje de emergencia de adultos en presencia de diferentes concentra-ciones de diflubenzurón o de un formulado a base del aceite de neem. También se evaluó lapatogenicidad de las zoosporas a las concentraciones de los IGR que inhibieron la emergenciadel 30, 50 y 90% de adultos. No hubo diferencias significativas en la actividad de las zoosporasal comparar los tratamientos (F6,14= 054; p > 0,05). La mortalidad de las larvas fue superior al90%.

In vivo effect of diflubenzuron, administered via mineral salt supplementation, against Haematobia irritans and Rhipicephalus microplus parasitizing cattle / Efeito in vivo do diflubenzuron, administrado via sal mineral, contra Haematobia irritans e Rhipicephalus microplus parasitando bovinos

Abstract This study involved two field trials with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of diflubenzuron, via mineral supplementation, against Haematobia irritans parasitizing cattle. Concomitantly with the main trial, a stall test was conducted to ascertain the effects of a different formulation with the same active ingredient against Rhipicephalus microplus, along with the action of diflubenzuron on the reproductive parameters of R. microplusfemales that had naturally detached from cattle. Against H. irritans, it was observed that the efficacy indexes fordiflubenzuron were low (≤ 31.3% or 44.6%) or null (0.0%) throughout the study. The anti- R. microplus efficacy of diflubenzuron, at weekly intervals, ranged from 0.0 to 13.7% over the entire experimental period. Null efficacy (0.0%) was registered for diflubenzuron in relation to the reproductive parameters of R. microplusfemales that had naturally detached from cattle. The different diflubenzuron formulations, administered via mineral salt supplementation, did not show satisfactory efficacy indexes against H. irritans and R. microplus parasitizing cattle, within the experimental design of the present study. In addition, this agent did not present any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters of R. microplus females.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do diflubenzuron, administrado via suplementação mineral, contra Haematobia irritans parasitando bovinos, em dois testes à campo. Concomitantemente, foi realizado testes em estábulo para determinar os efeitos de uma formulação diferente, com o mesmo princípio ativo, contra Rhipicephalus microplus , bem como a ação do diflubenzuron nos parâmetros reprodutivos de fêmeas de R. microplus recolhidas após desprendimento natural do hospedeiro bovino. Contra H. irritans, foi observado que foram baixos (≤ 31,3% ou 44,6%) ou nulos (0,0%) os índices de eficácia do diflubenzuron. A eficácia anti-R. microplus do diflubenzuron, observada em intervalos semanais, variaram de 0,0% a 13,7% durante todo o período experimental. Com relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos das fêmeas de R. microplus recolhidas, foi observada eficácia nula (0,0%) para o diflubenzuron. Conclui-se que as diferentes formulações administradas via sal mineral no atual estudo, contra H. irritans e R. microplus parasitando bovinos, não apresentaram eficácia satisfatória. Este agente também não mostrou efeito deletério sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de fêmeas de R. microplus.

A Case of Chlorfluazuron Insectisides Poisoning with Mental Change

Benzoylureas are chemical compounds best known for their use as insecticides. Diflubenzuron is one of the more commonly used benzoylurea pesticides. Others include chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, and triflumuron. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting synthesis of chitin in the body of the insect. They have low toxicity in mammals because mammals have no chitin. Chlorfluazuron insecticides, which are mixed with solvent naphatha, are commonly used. Thus we assume that in the presented case mental change outcome of poisoning was connected with toxic effects of solvent naphtha rather than with chlorfluazuron action. Components of solvent naphtha, particularly trimethylbenzenes, exert strong irritant action on the gastric mucosa and are very well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. We report on a 67-year-old man with stuporous mentality after intentional ingestion of approximately 200 ml of liquid chlorfluazuron in a suicide attempt. He was discharged after conservative treatments including gastric irrigation, charcoal, mechanical ventilation, hydration, and antibiotics for aspiration pneumonia without complications.

Determination of diflubenzuron residues in milk and cattle tissues / Determinação de resíduos de diflubenzuron em leite e tecidos bovinos

Diflubenzuron (DFB) is used to control ectoparasitic infestation by inhibiting larvae development in the manure and feces of treated animals. It is also currently been used to control tick infestations. In this study, milk and tissues from cattle treated orally with DFB for a 77-120 day period with a commercial product containing the compound were analyzed for the presence of residues. DFB residues were determined by using extraction with acetonitrile, cleanup with C18 SPE and chromatographic analysis by HPLC with UV detection (254nm). DFB was not detected in any of the analysed samples (<0.006mg kg-1 for fat, <0.014mg kg-1 for muscle, <0.015mg kg-1 for kidney, <0.016mg kg-1 for liver and <0.0006mg kg-1 for milk). In this manner, the use of this compound, according to the manufacturer's suggested doses may result in cattle milk, liver, kidneys, fat and muscles being considered safe regarding the presence of DFB residues.

O diflubenzuron (DFB) é um inibidor de desenvolvimento de insetos que inibe a síntese de quitina com atividade ovicida e larvicida e está sendo utilizado na pecuária para o controle do carrapato. Leite e tecidos provenientes de bovinos tratados por um período de 77 a 120 dias com um produto comercial contendo DFB foram analisados quanto à presença de resíduos. Os resíduos de DFB foram determinados utilizando-se extração com acetonitrila, limpeza por SPE C18 e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por UV (254nm). DFB não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas (<0.006mg kg-1 para gordura, <0,014mg kg-1 para músculo, <0,015mg kg-1 para rim, <0,016mg kg-1 para fígado e <0.0006mg kg-1 para leite). Dessa forma, a utilização do princípio ativo conforme recomendado pelo fabricante e em níveis suficientes para se obter o efeito larvicida desejado deve resultar em leite, fígado, rins, gordura e músculos que podem ser considerados seguros para o consumo em termos da presença DFB.

Análise da resistência a inseticidas químicos em populações de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), de Municípios do Estado de Pernambuco / Analysis of resistance to chemical insecticides in populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in municipalities of Pernambuco State

A resistência de populações de Aedes aegypti a inseticidas químicos tem representado um desafio nos programas para seu controle. Este projeto teve como objetivos caracterizar o perfil de susceptibilidade de populações de A. aegypti de Pernambuco, relacionando-o ao histórico local de uso de tais compostos e aos mecanismos que podem estar associados à resistência. Amostras de A. aegypti de 17 municípios foram analisadas através de bioensaios com o temephos (larvicida) e diflubenzuron (regulador de crescimento) e um adulticida, a cipermetrina. Testes bioquímicos foram realizados para quantificar a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (ACE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), esterases (Alfa, Beta e PNPA) e oxidases de função mista (MFO). Também foram investigadas mutações no gene do canal de sódio: sítios 982, 1011, 1014, e 1016. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as populações estavam resistentes ao temephos, exceto a de Fernando de Noronha. A razão de resistência (RR) foi moderada apenas na população Recife, enquanto RR 100 vezes foram observadas em 10 populações. Houve uma correlação entre o consumo e a RR a este produto. Para o diflubenzuron foi construída uma linha de base dose resposta e as RR foram correlacionadas positivamente com as observadas para o temephos...

Resistance to chemical insecticides represents a challenge for Aedes aegypticontrol programs. This project aimed to characterize the susceptibility status ofA. aegypti populations fromPernambuco state, associating it to the local use history...

Efficacy of three formulations of diflubenzuron, an insect growth regulator, against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the vector of Bancroftian filariasis in India.

Background & objectives: Insect growth regulators (IGRs) offer alternatives to conventional chemical larvicides that pose problem of resistance and environmental safety. However, only a limited number of IGRs have been approved for use in mosquito control. In the present study, two new formulations of the IGR diflubenzuron, 2 per cent granular (GR) and 2 per cent tablet (DT) were tested for its efficacy against Culex quinquefasciatus, in comparison to its 25 per cent wettable powder (WP) formulation. Methods: The WP, GR and DT formulations were tested in cesspits, street drains and abandoned wells each at four dosages, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g ai/ha. Additionally, the DT formulation was tested at a higher dosage of 1 tablet/m2 (equal to 400 g ai/ha). Results: The WP and GR formulations yielded >80 per cent inhibition of adult emergence (IE) for 7-10 days in cesspits, 4-7 days in street drains and 7-21 days in abandoned wells at all dosages tested. The DT formulation was effective only at higher dosage 100 g ai/ha and or 1 tablet/m2 for 7-15 days at all habitats. Interpretation & conclusions: The trial showed that the dosage 25 g ai/ha of 25 per cent WP could be the field dosage for cesspits and wells, and 50 g ai/ha for drains, to be applied at weekly intervals. The dosages 25, 50 and 100 g ai/ha of 2 per cent GR could be the field dosages for application in cesspits at weekly intervals, in abandoned wells every three weeks and in drains at weekly intervals, respectively. Diflubenzuron 25 per cent WP and 2 per cent GR could be used for larval control of Cx. quinquefasciatus under integrated vector management programme.

Mecanismos da ação larvivida do diflubenzuron sobre Aedes aegypti evidenciados pelas alterações ultraestruturais / Mechanisms of the larvicidal effect of diflubenzuron on Aedes aegypti larvae, as evidenced by ultrastructural changes

O dengue é uma doença viral transmitida por Aedes aegypti em mais de 100 países na faixa intertropical do mundo e, até o momento, as principais formas de controle são as ações antivetoriais. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as alterações ultraestruturais provocadas pelo diflubenzuron (DFB) nas larvas de Ae. aegypti. Os experimentos foram realizados com larvas de terceiro estádio de Ae. aegypti com DFB nas concentrações de 0,1 e de 1miug/mL. Após 24 horas de exposição, as larvasforam coletadas, fixadas, desidratadas, emblocadas, cortadas, contrastadas com acetato de uranila a 3por cento e citrato de chumbo e analisadas em microscópio eletrônico. As alterações ultraestruturaisforam observadas na cutícula e no mesêntero dessas larvas. Por meio de microscopia de varredura, observou-se o aumento do número das cerdas, que se apresentaram mais delgadas e mais longas do que o controle e exibiram um padrão de enrolamento nos sulcos intersegmentares. As análises nomicroscópio eletrônico de transmissão revelaram que as epicutículas antigas se desprenderam quase que totalmente da nova epicutícula e não possuíam pontos de reforço comumente encontrados no controle. As células do mesêntero de larvas expostas ao DFB apresentaram um arcabouço esponjosoe nas secções ultrafinas se apresentaram danificadas e vacuolizadas, mas com a presença de vesículas de secreção e integridade mitocondrial. Este estudo mostrou que o DFB interfere no processo da ecdise e impede a liberação da cutícula velha que se acumula nos espaços intersegmentares estrangulando as porções segmentares num processo sucessivo e acumulativo, também bloqueia a muda e provoca a morte da larva. Este é o mecanismo de ação larvicida do DFB sobre Ae. aegypti,entretanto o produto age também no mesêntero destruindo as células.

biological effects of the insect growth regulators; pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron on the mosquito Aedes aegypti

The biological effects of two insect growth regulators [IGRs], pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti [L.] have been evaluated. Mosquitoes were collected from Jeddah governorate, west of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and maintained in the laboratory. According to IC[50] values obtained [concentrations which inhibit the emergence of 50% of adults], diflubenzuron [0.00036 ppm] proved to be more effective by 11.4 fold of pyriproxyfen [0.0041ppm]. In addition to the delayed lethal action, larval treatment with the two IGRs, pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron led to pronounced reduction in the reproductive potential of mosquito adults that emerged from these treatments. Pyriproxyfen caused a 33.2% decrease in egg production compared to 25.5% for diflubenzuron. The reduction in egg hatchability was by 40.6 and 36.2 % for pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron, respectively, with up to 4 fold higher reduction rates than in the control tests. These results shed light on the extended biological effects of IGRs on mosquitoes and encourage further testing of IGRs for wider use in the control of Ae. aegypti and other important disease vectors in Arabia and the world

Susceptibilidade do besouro rola-bosta africano a reguladores de crescimento de insetos / Susceptibility of African dung beetle to insect growth regulators

Verificou-se a ação dos reguladores de crescimento de insetos (IGR), diflubenzuron e methoprene, sobre o besouro rola-bosta africano, Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), um inimigo natural da mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus). Casais de besouros foram colocados em baldes contendo terra úmida e alimentados com fezes bovinas contendo 1, 0,5 ou 0,2ppm de diflubenzuron e 0,2ppm de methoprene. Os insetos e sua prole foram recuperados com o auxílio de armadilhas pitfall. Diflubenzuron e methoprene não afetaram a sobrevivência dos adultos inicialmente expostos, mas interferiram na produção de descendentes. Diflubenzuron, nas concentrações de 1 e 0,5ppm, também afetou a duração do ciclo de vida dos besouros. Nenhum dos IGRs alterou a razão sexual dos descendentes obtidos. As concentrações testadas de diflubenzuron mostraram-se moderadamente nocivas ao besouro enquanto methoprene a 0,2ppm mostrou ser pouco nocivo, segundo os critérios da International Organization for Biological Control.

The effects of insect growth regulators (IGR), diflubenzuron and methoprene, on African dung beetle, Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius), a natural enemy of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (Linnaeus), was studied. Beetles were placed in buckets partially filled with humid soil and were fed bovine feces containing 1, 0.5, or 0.2ppm diflubenzuron and 0.2ppm methoprene. Insects and their progenies were recovered by pitfall traps. Diflubenzuron and methoprene did not affect the survival of the adults but reduced their progenies. Diflubenzuron 1 and 0.5ppm also affected the life cicle of the beetles. None of the IGR modified the gender ratio of the progenies. According to the IOBC criteria, diflubenzuron tested concentrations showed to be moderately harmful to the beetles, whereas methoprene 0.2ppm was slightly harmful.

Praziquantel, levamisol e diflubenzuron no controle de Dolops carvalhoi (Crustacea: Branchiura) e Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) em Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae) / Praziquantel, levamisole and diflubenzuron in the control of Dolops carvalhoi (Crustacea: Branchiura) and Anacanthorus penilabiatus (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) in Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes: Characidae)

Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a eficácia antiparasitária do praziquantel, levamisol e diflubenzuron administrados via oral, adicionados à ração, para pacus (Piaractus mesopotamicus) infectados por Anacanthorus penilabiatus e Dolops carvalhoi. Foram utilizadas 19 caixas d'água de 300 L de capacidade, comportando 28 peixes cada. Os tratamentos foram feitos misturando os princípios ativos nas dietas. A intensidade parasitária e eficácia foram avaliadas 1 dia antes e 3, 7 e 15 dias após o início da alimentação com ração contendo diflubenzuron, levamisol e praziquantel isolados ou associados em diferentes concentrações por 7 dias. Os resultados da eficácia terapêutica sugerem que, isoladamente ou associado com levamisol e praziquantel, o diflubenzuron é eficiente contra o crustáceo D. carvalhoi, demonstrando que a eficácia dos tratamentos nos dias 3, 7 e 15 variou de 96,2 a 100 por cento. Contra os monogenóides, as drogas não apresentaram eficácia satisfatória. Os resultados sugerem o uso do diflubenzuron para o controle de D. cavalhoi em peixes de cativeiro e em condições de quarentenário.

This assay evaluated the control efficacy of diflubenzuron, praziquantel and levamisole added to the diet of pacu (Piaractus mesoptamicus) infected with Anacanthorus penilabiatus and Dolops carvalhoi. 19 water tanks of 300 L capacity were utilized with 28 fish in each one. The treatments were made by mixing the active principles in the diet. The experiment was evaluated in four harvests done 1 day before and 3, 7 and 15 days after the treatment. The medicated feeding was applied for 7 days. The results of efficacy suggest that the diflubenzuron alone or associated with levamisole and praziquantel was efficient against the crustacean D. carvalhoi and the efficacy in the 3, 7 and 15 days evaluations ranged from 96,2 to 100 percent. Against the monogenean the drugs did not present efficacy. The results suggest the use of diflubenzuron for the control of D. carvalhoi in captive fishes in special conditions.

Cytotoxic evaluation of certain insect growth regulators and insect sex pheromones in cho-k1 cells

The cytotoxic effects of Diflubeizuron, pyriproxifen as insect growth regulators, ZZ/ZE-7,11-hexadecadienyl acetate, Z-9- hexadecenal and Z-11-hexadecenal as insect sex pheromones were evaluated in vitro using Chinese hamster ovary [CHO-K1] cells. Total cellular protein [TCP] content and methyl tetrazolium [MTT] assays were carried out using serum free medium and medium supplemented with fetal calf serum [FCS, 10%], bovine serum albumin [BSA, 1%] and/or metabolic activation system [S9-mix]. All the tested compounds displayed cytotoxic effects that rise with time exposure. TCP assay exhibited higher sensitivity than MTT assay with all the tested compounds. In presence of the added extracellular proteins and/or metabolic activation system [S9-mix], the cytotoxic effects significantly decreased which indicate that the tested agents may be binding non-specifically with protein and extensive metabolized to less toxic metabolites

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (L) to the insect growth regulators diflubenzuron and methoprene in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais

Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) was reared in several concentrations of diflubenzuron and methoprene under laboratory conditions in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Characteristics such as LC50 and LC95, the susceptibility of immature stages of different ages to these insect growth regulators and their residual effects were studied. The LC50 and LC95 of diflubenzuron and methoprene were 5.19 and 12.24 ppb; 19.95 and 72.08 ppb, respectively. While diflubenzuron caused great mortality in all larval instars, methoprene was more effective when the mosquito was exposed from the start of the fourth larval instar onwards. Commercial concentrations of these two insect growth regulators close to LC95 presented greater residual activity than did their respective technical formulations. The parameters were compared with those obtained elsewhere. The characteristics investigated here indicate that these insect growth regulators are effective alternatives for controlling the dengue vector in the Uberlândia region.

Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) foi criado em várias concentrações de diflubenzuron e methoprene sob condições de laboratório em Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Foram estudados aspectos tais como, CL50 e CL95, suscetibilidade de estágios imaturos de diferentes idades a estes insect growth regulators e seu efeito residual. As CL50 e CL95 de diflubenzuron e methoprene foram: 5,19 e 12,24ppb; 19,95 e 72,08ppb, respectivamente. Enquanto diflubenzuron causou grande mortalidade em todos os estádios larvais, methoprene causou maior mortalidade quando o mosquito foi exposto a partir do início do quarto estádio larval. As concentrações comerciais dos dois insect growth regulators próximas às CL95 mostraram maior atividade residual que suas respectivas formulações técnicas. Os parâmetros são comparados com aqueles obtidos em outros locais. Os aspectos aqui investigados indicam estes insect growth regulators como alternativas efetivas para o controle do vetor da dengue na região de Uberlândia.

Simulated field evaluation of the efficacy of two formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor against larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in water-storage containers.

Tablet (40 mg a.i./tablet) and granular (2% a.i.) formulations of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, insect growth regulator, were evaluated for larvicidal efficacy against the larvae of Aedes aegypti (L.) in water-storage containers under field conditions in Thailand. Each formulation was applied to 200-1 clay jars at 5 different dosages (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l a.i.). The jars were covered with solid celocrete sheets and placed in the shade under a roof. Another experiment was also carried out using 3 different dosages (0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) where half the water in each treated jar and the control was removed and refilled weekly. Each treatment was replicated four times. The treatments were challenged by adding 25 3rd instar larvae/jar weekly. Assessments were made of each treatment through emergence inhibition (%EI) by removing and counting pupal skins one week after larval addition. Using these assessment techniques, a high degree of larvicidal efficacy (96-100%EI) was achieved with 4 dosages (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) of both (tablet and granular) formulations for a period of 23 weeks post-treatment. The efficacy of the lowest dosage (0.02 mg/l) of tablet and granular formulations lasted for 21 and 22 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Under the conditions of water removal and weekly refilling, a high degree of larvicidal efficacy (96-100%El) at the 3 dosages was obtained with the tablet formulation 18 to 21 weeks post-treatment, whereas the efficacy of the granular formulation persisted 15 to 23 weeks post-treatment depending on the dosage. This study clearly demonstrates a high level of residual activity with both formulations of diflubenzuron against larvae of Ae. aegypti in water-storage containers. Considering environmental factors and water-use conditions, it is likely that dosages of 0.05 to 0.1 mg a.i./l are effective dosages providing long-lasting control for 3 to 4 months in the field.

Influence of imiprothrin and diflubenzuron on an atopic disease model induced by bordetella pertussis and hiberix vaccines in mice

Atopic diseases seemed to merge as a dramatic clinical problem especially in developing and poor countries. This work aimed to study the possible influence of the insecticides imiprotherin and difubenzuron on the atopic phenomenon induced by Bordetella pertusis [B-p] and Hiberix vaccines. Swiss albino mice were fed on insecticide free diet, imiprothrin or difubenzuron containing diet. The insecticide concentrations were ten times the acceptable daily intake given for four weeks. Animals were vaccinated either with B-p. or Hiberix vaccines in single or repeated doses and blood eosinophil counts were then determined. The results revealed that: - Severe eosinopenia appeared in animals fed by diet containing imiprotherin or diflubenzuron compared with animals fed by insecticide free diet [before vaccination]. - Single or repeated vaccination with either B-p or Hiberix induced a phase of eosinopenia followed by an eosinophilic phase in animals fed insecticides free diet. - Single or repeated vaccination with either B-p or Hiberix induced continuous phase of eosinophilia in animals fed imiprothrin or diflubenzuron containing diet, which was more potentiated compared with control group. - The onset of eosinophilia starts first day after vaccination

Mortalidade e alterações morfológicas provocadas pela ação inibidora do diflubenzuron na ecdise de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) / Mortality and morphological alterations of Aedes aegypti larvae exposed to diflubenzuron

A mortalidade e as alterações morfológicas ocorridas em larvas de terceiro estádio de Aedes aegypti foram estudadas sob o efeito do inibidor da ecdise, o diflubenzuron, nas concentrações de 0,1 e 1 ppm, com a finalidade de mostrar os seus mecanismos letais. As principais alterações com o uso da microscopia de luz incluíram a presença de vacúolos citoplasmáticos e grande quantidade de secreção na superfície apical das células do mesêntero, além do espessamento da cutícula eintensa atividade celular. Observaram-se alterações no corpo gorduroso da larva, além da presença de várias cutículas. Embora estas se soltassem, às vezes, da região cefálica, a muda não era finalizada, levando a larva à morte. Vários aspectos da ecdise foram evidenciados, dentre eles, o início da muda com espaço subcuticular bem definido e a presença da epicutícula e exocutícula e a formação da nova cutícula. As larvas morreram presas a essas camadas, em períodos de 6,8 +- 0,59 e de 6,5 +- 0,99 dias, respectivamente, às soluções de 0,1 e 1 ppm. Em condições de campo, apenas a dose de 1 ppm causou 100 por cento de mortalidade, sendo que a morte não ocorre rapidamente como na intoxicação direta com inseticidas neurotóxicos.

Avaliação da atividade inibidora do diflubenzuron na ecdise das larvas de Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae) / Evaluation of the inhibiting activity of the diflubenzuron on the ecdysis of larvae of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera, Culicidae)

Foi avaliada a atividade inibidora do diflubenzuron na ecdise de larvas do Aedes aegypti, visando à utilização desse produto no controle desse mosquito. Além disso, conhecer a interação do produto com o tipo de criadouro e a suscetibilidade do mosquito. Os bioensaios foram realizados em um fundo de quintal de residência, em sete tipos potenciais de criadouros artificiais: pneu, vidro, cimento-amianto, cimento, lata, plástico e cerâmica. Para cada tipo de criadouro colocaram-se 20 larvas de cada estádio do Aedes aegypti. O mesmo número de larvas foi utilizado para o controle. Foram feitas nove réplicas e as leituras de mortalidade foram em intervalos de 24 horas, após o início dos experimentos, até atingir o índice de 100 por cento. Isto foi obtido a 1 ppm. Não houve diferença significativa entre os períodos médios de sobrevivência das larvas e nem entre os diferentes tipos de criadouros. Houve diferenças significativas entre os estádios, sendo o 3º o mais tolerante. Constatou-se também que as concentrações não interagiram com os estádios e tipos de criadouros, ao nível de 5 por cento.

Effect of diflubenzuron on immature stages of Heamatobia irritans (L. ) (Diptera: Muscidae) in Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Horn fly immatures were raised in media containing different concentrations of diflubenzuron in order to verify their susceptibility to this insect growth regulator (IGR). The 50 percent and 95 percent lethal concentrations of diflubenzuron for the population (LC50, LC95) were determined as well as the effect of this IGR on the different immature horn fly stages. The tests were performed using the progeny of adults collected in the field. The immatures were maintained in a growth chamber at 25.0 ± 0.5ºC and 12-12 h photoperiod. IGR concentrations of 300 ppb, 100 ppb and 50 ppb were lethal for 100 percent of the sample. Pupae malformation occurred in the breeding media containing different diflubenzuron concentrations. Values for LC50 , LC95 (± 95 percent fiducial limits) and the slope of the regression line were respectively, 25.521 ± 1.981 ppb, 34.650 ± 2.001 ppb and 12.720 ± 1.096. The third larval instar was more sensitive to the sub-lethal concentration of the product than the first and second ones were. The results indicate that this IGR can be an important tool for controlling horn fly populations as well as for managing horn fly resistance to conventional insecticides against Haematobia irritans in Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais

Actividad biológica del diflubenzuron sobre Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) / Biological activity of diflubenzuron on Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Se realizó un estudio con la cepa Ameijeiras de Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), mantenida en el laboratorio desde el año 1994 y susceptible a los insecticidas propoxur, malation y cipermetrina. Esta cepa fue tratada con 4 concentraciones diferentes de diflubenzuron (Dimilin, OMS 1804), suministradas a través del alimento a ninfas de primer estadio de desarrollo, con el objetivo de determinar su efecto sobre la supervivencia, el fenotipo y el período de desarrollo ninfal de esta especie. Se determinó la línea de regresión dosis-mortalidad y se obtuvieron los valores de CE50 = 0,042 porciento y CE95 = 0,357 porciento. Se observaron efectos subletales en las ninfas tratadas con las 4 concentraciones probadas, mientras que los efectos morfogenéticos en los adultos solo aparecieron en los que fueron expuestos a las concentraciones más altas (0,25 y 0,4 porciento). El período de desarrollo ninfal mostró un incremento altamente significativo al aumentar la concentración del inhibidor (F = 11,64; p < 0,001)

comparative study on susceptibility of the larvae of two wild strains of amopheles stephensi to eight insecticides, in south of Iran

Susceptibility of two wild strains of An. stepliens, collected from Kazeroun [ST-K.Az and Bandar-Abbas [ST-BAN], south of Iran was compared to fenthion, malathion, temephos, pirimiphos, methyk, deltamethrth, DDT dimilin and etopenprox as larvicides in the laboratory. Susceptibility test on the ST-KAZ strain indicated that this strain is susceptible to the named insecticides i.e. the resistance ratios remained between 0.91 to 1.37 folds that of the ST-TEH strain, the susceptible laboratory stock.The ST-BAN strain has the long history of insecticide - application like, DDT, dieldrin, malathion, propoxur, actellic lambdacyhalotith[icon] as adulicides and abate as a larvicide, therefor it showed different pattern of susceptibility to the latter insecticides. The ST-BAN strain showed susceptibility to DDT, deltamethrjn, etofenprox and dimilin, moderately tolerant to fenthion and temephos [i.e.reslstance ratios ranged between 1.67 to 1.75 folds] and tolerant to Pirimiphos-methyl and malathion with resistance ratio of about 2.37 folds, that of the ST-TEH strain. The observer's tolerance in the ST-DAN strain to Pmmiphos-methyl [actellic] and malathion might be as the result of regular use of adulticides or abate in malaria control programs in south of Iran and develop of cross-tolerance in An.stephensj from Bandar-Abbas south of Iran

Survival, developmental and morphogenic deficiencies of parasarcophaga argyrostoma [diptera: sarcophagidae] induced by the biosynthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron [IKI-7899]

To evaluate the activity of benzoylphenyl urea chitin biosynthesis inhibitor chlorfluazuron [IKI-7899] against Parasarcophaga argyrostoma, 7 doses were topically applied [once] onto early third [last] instar larvae, puparia, or newly pupa: 150, 100, 50, 10, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mug/insect. After topical treatment of last instar larvae, the highest morality was caused by both highest dose and the lowest mortality was caused by the lowest dose. The lethal activity of IKI-7899 pronouncedly decreased as the treatment was lately carried out [at the puparial time]. IKI-7899 failed to cause cumulative mortality because no pupal or adult mortalities were observed, irrespective of the time of treatment. Treated larvae suffered the action of IKI-7899 because they had decreased weight gain. Except the lowest dose, the weight gain of larvae inversely correlated with the dose levels. IKI-7899 prolonged not only the larval duration, but also the pupal duration after topical treatment of last instar larvae with doses 50 - 0.25 mug/larva. With no exception, all doses topically applied onto puparia or newly formed pupae enhanced pupae to live longer. Topical application onto last instar larvae resulted in different degrees of reduction of pupation rate, but IKI-7899 could not affect the pupal morphogenesis after larval treatment except by its highest dose, which led to 8.33% pupal deformities and 7.69% larval-pupal intermediates. The dose 100 mug/larva topically applied onto last instar larvae obtained 7.69% permanent larvae, which suffered from the action of compound along 16 days and eventually perished without any external feature of puparium formation. A metamorphic effect of IKI-7899 pronouncedly appeared in the adult stage. Three higher doses completely arrested the adult flies